Cu L3 and L2 edges. The sharp peak (“White line”) at 930 eV reflects the excitonically-enhanced peak from the empty d-states. The chemical state is better determined from the chemical shift of the edge rather than L3/L2 branching ratios which can change with sample thickness due to multiple plasmon scattering
By: Peter Ercius and Jerome Hyun
Microscope: VG HB 501UX STEM
Energy Resolution: 0.73 eV